Schwanzspitzennekrosen bei Milchkühen - vielleicht sind es doch nicht Schieber und Spaltenboden? (2024) Vortrag auf der Vortragstagung der DGfZ und GfT am 18./19. September 2024 in Göttingen .
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
Schwanzspitzennekrosen bei Milchkühen - haben wir etwas übersehen? (2024) Vortrag beim MilchPraxis Vet Cattle Camp 2024 Zwischen KI und Gummistiefeln - die Zukunft der Rinderpraxis! .
Objectives Tail tip inflammation and necrosis is a well-recognised condition in several species that can have a significant impact on overall health. Fattening cattle, bulls and calves have often been prone to severe tail tip problems, often related to their housing conditions or environmental factors. In addition, a high frequency of tail tip lesions has recently been observed in dairy cattle. Tail tip changes have also been studied in pigs in relation to the newly defined Swine Inflammation and Necrosis Syndrome (SINS). Pathological changes including inflammation and necrosis of ears, teats, claws and tails have been observed in pigs as a result of systemic inflammation and reduced blood flow to the acra. This raised the question of whether changes in the tip of the tail were also associated with other health indicators in dairy cows. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate whether there is a correlation between changes in the tail tip, its temperature measured by thermography, and performance and health traits in Holstein Friesian dairy cows. Material and methods The study was conducted on a commercial dairy farm in Germany between May 2021 and June 2022. Every 14 days groups of 19-43 cows were examined. A total of n=530 observations from 351 different Holstein cows (lactation = 1 - 6) were analysed during the study period. Cows were examined at 150 days post partum and/or just before drying off. Data collection included examination of the tail tip for tail tip lesions (TT), annular lesions (AN), hyperkeratosis (HK), swelling (SW) and axis deviation (AD); pain sensation at the tail tips, body condition score (BCS) of the cow, the locomotion score (LMS) and the somatic cell count obtained from a current California Mastitis Test (CMT). Rectal temperature (BT) was measured and cows were clinically examined with particular attention to ruminal filling (Rumfill) and intensity of contractions (Rumint). In addition, a thermographic image of each tail tip was taken to record the maximum (TempMax), minimum (TempMin) and average temperature (TempAve) of the tail tip. The claws were trimmed and the diagnoses were converted to a claw score (SumClaw). Data from the milk performance testing as milk solids (MS), protein % (MP), fat % (MF) and somatic cell score (SCS) were also included in the statistical analysis. Cluster analysis using SAS version 9.4 was performed to identify possible patterns among the variables and resulted in 4 clusters. Results The highest coefficient of determination, i.e. the greatest effect on clustering, was SumClaw (R2=0.68), followed by TempAve (R2=0.63), TempMin (R2=0.60), TempMax (R2=0.55) and CMT values by quarter (R2=0.26-0.47). The first cluster stood out with the worst values for CMT and SCS. MP and MF were high due to low MS. Meanwhile, AN, HK and BCS were highest. Rumen values were above average, as were tail tip temperature and the LMS, but SumClaw was low. The cluster with the highest SumClaw also had the worst LMS, the lowest values for Rumfill and Rumint, and the highest values for TT, SW, AD and PS. Tail temperatures were well above average. Milk yield was low and udder health was the second worst of all groups. The cluster with the highest MS, and therefore lowest MF and MP, also showed lowest CMT and SCS. Tail alterations were below average, except for HK. In this group, tail tip temperatures were highest and so were Rumfill and Rumint. For the last cluster, the coldest tail tip temperatures were outstanding in contrast to the highest BT. TT, SW, AD were the second highest, while AN and HK were the lowest. In addition, Sumclaw, LMS and Rumfill and Rumint had low values. Conclusions An important finding was that SumClaw and tail tip temperatures strongly influenced cluster categorisation, both of which could have a significant impact on animal health. Furthermore, in cases of udder and claw issues, the tail tips presented the most severe alterations and the lowest temperatures. The tail tips of cows with good performance and minimal health issues remained warm and unaltered. Therefore, the results of this study indicate a correlation between the tail tip and different animal health traits that requires further investigation.FundingParts of this research were funded by the Tönnies Forschung, Rheda, Germany.
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Prisca Kremer-Rücker
,
Kim F. Schubert
,
Lea Lorenz
,
Saskia Meier
,
Mirjam Lechner
Objectives Although inflammation and necrosis of the tail tip has been a well-known problem in fattening cattle for several decades, the etiology of the disease is not fully understood, yet. While some authors hold husbandry conditions such as limited space allotment or slatted concrete floors responsible for the occurrence of tail lesions, other studies point towards a connection with rumen acidosis. Furthermore, tail necrosis has also been described in the context of mycotoxin intake, which leads to vasoconstriction, finally resulting in ischemia. In dairy cows, we observed lesions of the tail, which resemble those described in housed fattening cattle, although husbandry conditions of dairy cows differ from those of fattening cattle. In order to identify possible risk factors, the aim of this study was to investigate whether there are associations between the occurrence of tail tip lesions and selected health and performance parameters in dairy cows. Material and methods For this purpose, we monitored the course of the lesions over 10 months in a German dairy herd consistig of 1,300 cows. The cows were housed on slatted rubber floor in a loose housing system. The cubicles either contained straw manure bedding or were covered with waterbed mattresses. Manure was removed by an automatic scraper system. N = 213 cows that calved within a predetermined period of 2 months were selected for the study to ensure that all cows were at a similar stage of lactation. Number of lactation varied between cows, ranging from one to seven. The sample consisted of 89% Holstein Friesian cows, 10% crossbreds and 1% Brown Swiss cows. Examinations took place at every milk performance testing, starting after calving. One single person assessed tail tip lesions, locomotion score and body condition score of the cows. Number of lactation, days in milk, and data from milk performance testing including milk yield, milk fat:protein ratio and somatic cell count were used for further analysis. The frequencies of the individual tail lesions were calculated by dividing the number of each lesion by the number of all observed lesions. Data were processed using Rstudio version 2021.09.2. Chi2-test and a mixed model procedure were performed for statistical analysis of possible risk factors for the different lesions. Results Over the course of the examination period, every cow was affected by one or several lesions at least once. The examination of n = 213 cows resulted in 4,123 observations. We were able to observe all of the previously described lesions, with varying frequencies, namely: lesions at the very tip of the tail: 8.2 %, annular lesions: 8.5 %, hyperkeratosis: 52.0 %, swelling: 10.7 %, axis deviation: 9.2 %, thinning: 0.2 % and fibroma: 3.7 %. The frequency of tails without any visible lesion was 7.5 %. Regarding the results of the Chi2-test, with the exception of the somatic cell count, all parameters included in this study had a significant influence on at least one lesion. Days in milk significantly influenced all lesions (p < 0.01 or p < 0.001) except of thinnings of the tail. Lactation number had a significant impact on the occurrence of hyperkeratosis (p < 0.05), swellings (p < 0.001), axis deviations (p < 0.01) and fibromas (p < 0.001). Hyperkeratosis and axis deviations were furthermore influenced by milk yield (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). Milk fat:protein ratio had a significant impact on hyperkeratosis (p < 0.05) and thinning (p < 0.001). Locomotion score significantly influenced annular lesions (p < 0.05) and axis deviations (p < 0.05), whereas body condition score had a significant impact on the occurrence of swellings (p < 0.001). Conclusions Our results demonstrate that there are multiple associations between tail tip lesions and different health- and performance parameters such as milk yield, locomotion score and body condition score. Based on our results, we conclude that the formation and development of tail tip lesions is a complex, presumably multi-factorial process. Further research is required to examine the individual risk factors in more detail.FundingParts of this research were funded by the Tönnies Forschung, Rheda, Germany.
Objectives In our previous work, we observed a variety of tail tip lesions in dairy cows, which we classified into 7 different clusters. Prevalences of severe lesions such as bleeding or necrotic tail tips reached up to 26 %. These results might indicate that we are dealing with an animal health and welfare issue that has gone unnoticed by now. In fattening cattle, histopathological examination of affected tails led to the presumption that the observed lesions might be caused by cutaneous ischemia. The objective of this study was therefore to find out which histopathological changes underlie the different tail tip lesions in dairy cows in order to contribute to a better understanding of this malady. Material and methods We collected 16 tails of dairy cows of different breeds (Holstein Friesian, Simmental, Brown Swiss and crossbreeds between beef- and dairy breeds) at a slaughterhouse in South Germany after slaughtering. The tail tips were selected to cover all types of macroscopically visible lesions that we have observed in previous studies. Selected samples originated from cows aged two to ten years. After collecting, the tails were packed on ice during the one hour transport. Immediately after arrival, tail tips were shorn, washed, photo documented and examined macroscopically. For histopathological examination, observed lesions were fixed in 10 % buffered formalin for at least four days. Subsequently, all samples were embedded in paraffin, processed routinely for histologic examination, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Selected sections were also stained with periodic acid Schiff reaction (PAS) or Masson-Goldner trichrome for examination of connective tissue. The slides were examined using light microscopy. Results In all cases of macroscopically visible constrictions as well as in hairless areas of the tail tips we found dermal granulation tissue of different age stages that extended to the central longitudinally arranged connective tissue of the tail. In six out of ten tail tips with macroscopically visible annular constrictions, the epidermis was without any particular finding. In the other four cases, we found inflammation of the epidermis with underlying cell-rich granulation tissue. The epidermis of samples showing alopecic tail tips was either free from pathological findings or showed signs of orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis. In tail tips macroscpically exhibiting hyperkeratosis, we observed predominantly orthokeratotic and partly also parakeratotic hyperkeratosis. In one macroscopically unremarkable tail, histological examination also revealed hyperkeratosis. Tail tips with macroscopically visible swelling of the central longitudinal connective tissue were histologically characterized by extracellular and low protein edema. Intracellular edema could be observed in the marginal areas of constrictions with bloody encrustations and in hairless areas. In tail tips which showed macroscopically visible thinning, all layers of the tail were reduced in thickness. Only in one tail tip, we found a concrete thinning of the dermis on only one side of the tail distal to a constriction. Another frequent histopathological finding was the partly focal, partly diffuse hyperemia of the papillary bodies in the dermis, which was found in ten samples. We observed hyperemia in areas affected by hyperkeratosis and in annular constrictions, but also in macroscopically unconspicuous tail tips, in hairless areas and in tail tips showing hyperkeratosis or necrosis. In some cases, the hyperemia was accompanied by free erythrocytes, whereas no accumulation of inflammatory cells could be detected in these areas. Conclusions Our histopathological examination of tail tip lesions in dairy cows revealed amongst others granulation tissue formation, ortho- and parakeratotic hyperkeratosis and hyperemia of the papillary bodies with free erythrocytes. These results resemble those found in fattening cattle. Based on the macroscopical and histological appearance of the lesions, trauma as the sole cause seems unlikely. Future research is required to clarify the underlying etiology and to determine risk factors associated with the observed lesions.FundingParts of this research were funded by the Tönnies Forschung, Rheda, Germany.
Objectives Tail tip lesions have been observed in fattening cattle with prevalences varying from 35 % to 76 %. These lesions include hairless areas of the tail tip, laceration and / or infection leading to inflammation of larger parts of the tail as well as necrosis. This often results not only in economic loss but has also adverse effects on animal health and welfare. While there are several studies on this issue in fattening cattle, data on tail tip lesions in dairy cows are scarce. However, own previous studies have shown that a variety of lesions on the tip of the tail also occur in dairy cows. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of tail tip lesions in dairy cows. Material and methods A developed overview of different tail tip lesions in dairy cows and their manifestations was used to examine cows on six different German dairy farms. After shaving the tail in the region of the switch, cows were examined for the prevalence of 1) lesions on the very tip of the tail, 2) annular lesions, 3) hyperkeratosis, 4) swelling, 5) axis deviation, 6) thinning or 7) fibroma on the distal part of the tail. Examination was performed by one single person. All cows were kept in loose housing conditions on slatted or solid floors, with or without automatic scrapers. Herd sizes varied between 51 and 162 cows. A total of 500 Simmental or Holstein Friesian dairy cows were examined. To calculate the prevalence per lesion, the number of animals affected by the corresponding lesion or lesion manifestation was divided by the total number of animals examined. Mean prevalences were calculated per farm and for the total sample. Results Only one cow, out of all 500 examined cows, was free from the above mentioned lesions. 499 animals, however, were affected by at least one lesion. The most prevalent lesions were hyperkeratosis, ranging from 72.9 % to 97.3 % between herds (mean prevalence = 85.1 % ± 7.9) and swelling, with prevalences between 54.2 % and 95.9 % (mean prevalence = 73.4 % ± 18.3). Every lesion could be observed in every herd. The most severe manifestations of lesions at the very tip of the tail, according to our previously established overview, are bleeding or necrosis up to part loss of the distal part of the tail. We found bleeding or necrotic tail tips in four of the six farms, with prevalences ranging from 0.66 % to 26.03 % (mean prevalence = 8.36 % ± 11,39). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to show prevalences of different tail tip lesions in Simmental and Holstein Friesian cows on German dairy farms. The high prevalence of the lesions in all farms evaluated, under different housing conditions and in both breeds, and the occurrence of severe manifestations such as bleeding or necrotic tail tips, may indicate an animal welfare problem that has apparently gone unnoticed until now. Further research is needed to assess whether this phenomenon occurs on other farms and in different regions and countries as well, and to elucidate the aetiology, pathogenesis and risk factors of the lesions observed.Funding: Parts of the research wer funded by the Tönnies Forschung, Rheda, Germany
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Prisca Kremer-Rücker
,
Kim F. Schubert
,
Saskia Meier
,
Mirjam Lechner
,
Lea Lorenz
Vortragstagung der DGfZ und GfT am 21./22. September 2022 in Kiel Auf der Suche nach neuen Phänotypen - Untersuchung zur Prävalenz von Schwanzveränderungen bei Milchkühen K. Schubert, S. Meier, P. V. Kremer-Rücker1 1Hochschule Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Markgrafenstraße 16, 91746 Weidenbach 1 Einleitung Schwanznekrosen bei Mastbullen wurden bereits in den 1970er Jahren beobachtet und beschrieben. Diese gehen in den meisten Fällen mit einem gestörten Allgemeinbefinden, reduzierter Futteraufnahme und Gewichtsverlust einher. Bei schweren Verläufen weitet sich die Entzündung auf das Rückenmark und andere Organe aus und führt im Extremfall zum Tod durch frühzeitige Schlachtung (Drolia et al., 1991; Heers et al., 2017). Zu den Ursachen wurden bis zum aktuellen Zeitpunkt lediglich Hypothesen verfasst. Dabei werden Betonspaltenböden, mangelnde Hygiene, Trittverletzungen durch Artgenossen sowie Mykotoxine und Strukturmangel in der Ration als Einflussfaktoren angesehen (Dirksen et al., 2006; Heers et al., 2017; Metzner, 2019). Dahingegen ist bei Milchkühen zum aktuellen Zeitpunkt die Datenlage noch gering. 2 Material und Methoden Für die vorliegende Untersuchung wurden die Schwänze von 213 Kühen über einen Zeitraum von zehn Monaten (11.04.2021 bis 20.01.2022) untersucht. Dabei wurden Tiere ausgewählt, welche zwischen dem 01.03.2021 und dem 30.04.2021 gekalbt haben. Die Datenerhebung fand in einer ostdeutschen Milchviehherde mit 1300 Holsteinkühen, jeweils zeitgleich mit der Milchleistungsprüfung (MLP) statt. Hierfür wurden die Schwänze von allen Tieren mit Hilfe eines Tailwell2® geschoren. Im Anschluss daran erfolgte die Beurteilung der Schwänze nach dem Dairy Tail Score von Kremer-Rücker (unveröffentlicht) sowie die Lahmheitsbeurteilung nach Sprecher et al. (1997) und die Körperkonditionsbeurteilung nach Edmonson et al. (1989). Folgende Parameter flossen außerdem mit in die Datenauswertung ein: Laktationsnummer, Melktage, Milchmenge (kg/Tag), Fett-Eiweiß-Quotient (FEQ), Zellzahl (1.000 Zellen/ml), Rasse und Vater. Mit Beginn der Datenerhebung haben außerdem zwei Tinytag Datenlogger installiert und so alle dreißig Minuten Temperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit aufgezeichnet, woraus der Temperatur-Humiditäts-Index (THI) errechnet wurde. Die statistische Analyse erfolgte mittels Chi²-Test und RStudio Version 2021.09.2. 3 Ergebnisse und Diskussion Veränderungen traten an der Schwanzspitze selbst, aber auch im darüberliegenden Bereich des Schwanzes auf. Hierzu zählten Schuppenbildung, Achsabweichung, ringartige Veränderungen, Schwellung, haarlose bis blutige Schwanzspitzen sowie warzenähnliche Zubildungen (Abbildung 1). Von den insgesamt 213 Einzeltieren im Versuch gab es kein Tier, welches über den gesamten Beobachtungszeitraum frei von Schwanzveränderungen war. Abbildung 1: Arten von Schwanzveränderungen. A: leichte Schuppenbildung und Achsabweichung, B: starke Schuppenbildung, C: Warzenähnliche Zubildung, D: haarlose Ringe, E: Ringeinschnürung, F: blutiger Ring, G: haarlose, geschwollene Schwanzspitze, H: geschwollene, nekrotische Schwanzspitze Für die Veränderung „Schuppen“ konnte im Versuch die größte Prävalenz (51,95 %) ermittelt werden, während „Verdünnungen“ am seltensten vorkamen (0,19 %). Gleichzeitig war der Bereich 15 bis 20 cm oberhalb der Schwanzspitze am häufigsten (41,57 %) von Veränderungen betroffen. Die Prävalenz von Schuppen war in der ersten Laktation (P < 0,05) und im ersten Laktationsdrittel (P < 0,01) am größten und nahm mit steigender Tagesleistung zu (P < 0,05). Gleichzeitig traten Schuppen vermehrt bei einem FEQ unter 1 und über 2 auf (P < 0,05). Dahingegen kamen Ringartige Veränderungen mit steigendem Laktationstag (P < 0,01) häufiger vor. Schwellungen gingen mit steigender BCS-Note zurück (P < 0,01) und wurden in der ersten Laktation am seltensten erfasst. Allerdings stieg deren Prävalenz bei einer somatischen Zellzahl ≥ 800.000 Zellen/ml (P = 0,05). Des Weiteren bestand ein statistisch signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen Schwanzveränderungen und der Rasse sowie des Vaters der Tiere, was auf einen genetischen Einfluss schließen lässt. Schuppen oder Hyperkeratosen wurden bei Mastbullen ebenfalls verzeichnet. Hier treten diese zu Beginn der Veränderung auf (Drolia et al., 1991; Hofmann, 2005; Dirksen et al., 2006; Ural et al., 2007; Kordowitzki, 2015; Salib und Farghali, 2016; Freitag et al., 2017; Metzner, 2019). Dabei erscheinen Schuppen dann, wenn die Haut und deren umliegendes Gewebe nicht mehr vollumfänglich durchblutet wird. Je länger dieser Zustand anhält, umso schlechter wird die Haut mit Nährstoffen versorgt, was schlussendlich zu einer Nekrose führt (Drolia et al., 1991; Kordowitzki, 2015). Dahingegen gehören Schwellungen zu den klassischen Entzündungszeichen und gehen mit einer Erweiterung der Blutgefäße in Folge der unspezifischen Immunabwehr einher (Reiner, 2015). Mastbullen wiesen dieses Merkmal ebenfalls auf, wobei die Autoren den Grund hierfür in einer Infektion bereits verletzter Haut sehen (Dirksen et al., 2006; Thomson et al., 2007; Salib und Farghali, 2016). Beim Schwein wurden jedoch Entzündungsanzeichen am Schwanz erfasst, obwohl die betroffenen Tiere eine nachweislich unverletzte Epidermis hatten. Die Autoren sehen dies als Hinweis auf eine endogene Erkrankung an (Reiner et al., 2021). Beim Rind wird auch der Einfluss von Endotoxinen, resultierend aus Pansenacidosen, diskutiert (Freitag et al., 2017; Heers et al., 2017). So ruft bei Milchkühen ein zu geringer Strukturanteil in der Ration, gepaart mit dem Energiedefizit und Stress in der Transitphase klinische und subklinische Pansenacidosen hervor (Wilken, 2003; Heers et al., 2017; Stein, o. D.). Sinkt daraufhin der pH-Wert im Pansen sterben gram-negative Bakterien der Pansenflora ab, wodurch Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) als Zerfallsprodukt zurückbleiben (Monteiro und Faciola, 2020). Befinden sich LPS im Blutkreislauf, lösen diese eine Immunantwort mit Entzündungsreaktion im Körper aus. Um einer weiteren Ausbreitung der LPS entgegenzuwirken werden die Kapillaren im Gewebe verschlossen (Reiner, 2015). Die reduzierte Durchblutung führt jedoch sowohl bei Schweinen als auch bei Rindern zu Schwanznekrosen (Harlizius und Hennig-Pauka, 2014; Reiner, 2015, Heers et al., 2017; Stein, o.D.). Ferner wird das Allgemeinbefinden betroffener Tiere gestört, was wiederum eine reduzierte Futteraufnahme und Leistungseinbruch zur Folge hat (Wilken, 2003). Diese Studie liefert daher Hinweise, dass sich das Schwanzende von Kühen als neuer Phänotyp zur Bewertung und zur züchterischen Verbesserung der Tiergesundheit bei Kühen eignen könnte. 4 Literatur Dirksen, G., Gründer, H., Stöber, M. (2006): Innere Medizin und Chirurgie des Rindes, 5. Auflage, unveränderter Nachdruck der 4. Auflage, Parey in MVS Medizinverlage Stuttgart GmbH & Co. KG, Oswald-Hesse-Str. 50, D-70469 Stuttgart. Drolia H., Luescher, U. A., Meek, A. H., Wilcock, B. P. (1991): Tail tip necrosis in Ontario beef feedlot cattle, Can Vet J, 32:23 – 29. Edmonson, A. J., Lean, I. J., Weaver, L. D., Farver, T., Webster, G. (1989): A Body Condition Scoring Chart for Holstein Dairy Cows, J Dairy Sci 72, 1:68-71. Freitag, M., Heers, P. A., Beune, H. (2017): Schädigt falsche Fütterung die Schwanzspitzen? top agrar, 9/2017, 26-28. Harlizius, J., Hennig-Pauka, I. (2014): Farbatlas Schweinekrankheiten. Eugen Ulmer KG, Wollgrasweg 41, 70599 Stuttgart (Hohenheim). Heers, P., Beune, H., Freitag, M. (2017): Schwanzspitzennekrosen, Weil sich die Mastbullen bei enger Haltung auf den Schwanz treten? AVA Haupttagung 2017, in Nutztierpraxis Aktuell, 84 – 88. Hofmann, W. (2005): Rinderkrankheiten – innere und chirurgische Erkrankungen, 2. Auflage, Eugen Ulmer KG, Wollgrasweg 41, 70599 Stuttgart (Hohenheim). Kordowitzki, P. (2015): Untersuchungen zum Auftreten der Schwanzspitzennekrose bei Mastbullen. Inaugural-Dissertation, Freie Universität Berlin. Kremer-Rücker, P. V. (2021): Dairy Tail Score. Persönliche Mitteilung. Metzner, M. (2019): Schwanzspitzennekrose / Schwanzspitzenentzündung. Klinik für Wiederkäuer, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, URL: https://www.rinderskript.net/skripten/b7-1.html (abgerufen am 16.02.2022). Monteiro, H. F., Faciola, A. P. (2020): Ruminal acidosis, bacterial changes, and lipopolysaccharides. J Anim Sci, 98, 8:1–9. Reiner, G. (2015): Krankes Schwein – kranker Bestand. Eugen Ulmer KG, Wollgrasweg 41. 70599 Stuttgart (Hohenheim). Reiner, G., Kühling, J., Löwenstein, F., Lechner, M., Becker, S. (2021): Swine Inflammation and Necrosis Syndrome, (SINS). Animals, 11, 1670. Salib, F. A. und Farghali. H. A. (2016): Epidemiological, therapeutic and surgical studies on Tail necrosis in Egypt. Inter J Vet Sci, 5/2: 58-6 Sprecher, D. J., Hostetler, D. E., Kaneene, J. B. (1997): A lameness scoring system that uses posture and gait to predict dairy cattle reproductive performance, Theriogenology 15;47(6): 1179-87 Stein, M. (o. D.): Endotoxine: Ein Problem von ungeahnter Tragweite. Fakten für die Tierproduktion von Boehringer Ingelheim. URL: https://www.tiergesundheitundmehr.de/endotoxine.pdfx (abgerufen am 15.04.2022) Thomson, D. U., Taylor, W., Noffsinger, T., Christopher, J. A., Wileman, B. W., Ragsdale, J. (2009): Case Report – Tail Tip Necrosis in a Confined Cattle Feeding Operation. The Bovine Practitioner, 43, 1:18-22. Ural, K., Alic, D., Karakurum, M. C., Aktas, M. S., Haydardedeoglu, A. E., Cingi, C. C. (2007): Tail-Tip Necrosis in Beef an Dairy Cattle: A Report of Seven Cases in Ankara. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 13 (2):203-207. Wilken, H. (2003): Endotoxin-Status und Antioxidative Kapazität sowie ausgewählte Stoffwechselparameter bei gesunden Milch- und Mutterkühen. Inaugural-Dissertation. Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig.
Maren Bernau
,
Sebastian Schwanitz
,
Lena Sophie Kreuzer
,
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
,
Armin Manfred Scholz
Are testis volume and boar taint related? - a trial in entire and immunocastrated boars (2016) Book of Abstracts (Vol. 22) of the 67th Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science, 29. August - 2. September 2016 in Belfast (UK) .
Maren Bernau
,
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
,
Lena Sophie Kreuzer
,
Daniela Emrich
,
Elke Pappenberger
,
Klaus Cussler
,
Andreas Hoffmann
,
Miriam Leipig
,
Walter Hermanns
,
Armin Manfred Scholz
Local reactions after vaccination detected via magnetic resonance imaging and compared with pathomorphological examination (2016) Proceedings of the 24th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, 7-10. Juni 2016 in Dublin (Irland) .
Maren Bernau
,
Sebastian Schwanitz
,
Lena Sophie Kreuzer
,
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
,
Armin Manfred Scholz
Could the testis volume be an indicator for androstenone levels in the carcass fat? (2015) FAIM IV: Proceedings of the 4th Annual conference on carcass evaluation, meat quality, software and traceability, 22.-23. September 2015 in Edinburgh (Schottland) .
Paula Maas
,
Beata Grzegrzółka
,
Philipp Georg Kreß
,
Martin Oberle
,
Manfred Gareis
,
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
In vivo phenotyping of carcass traits in mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) using ultrasound, microwave and linear measurements (2015) FAIM IV: Proceedings of the 4th Annual conference on carcass evaluation, meat quality, software and traceability, 22.-23. September 2015 in Edinburgh (Schottland) .
Manfred Gareis
,
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
,
Beata Grzegrzółka
,
Paula Maas
,
Philipp Georg Kreß
,
Michael Judas
,
Martin Oberle
Permissions: Peer Reviewed
CT phenotyping of carcass traits in mirror carps (Cyprinus carpio). (2015) Grzegrzółka B., Maas P., Judas M., Kreß P., Oberle M., Gareis M., Kremer P.V. (2015):
CT phenotyping of carcass traits in mirror carps (Cyprinus carpio). In: FARM ANIMAL
IMAGING – Edinburgh 2015 (Eds.: Charlotte Maltin, Cameron Craigie and Lutz
Bünger), ISBN 978-0-9931063-1-6. 2015 (4).
Beata Grzegrzółka
,
Michael Judas
,
Stijn Hellebuyck
,
Paula Maas
,
Philipp Georg Kreß
,
Martin Oberle
,
Manfred Gareis
,
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
Permissions: Peer Reviewed
Image analysis of CT scans to predict fat content in mirror carps (Cyprinus carpio) (2015) FARM ANIMAL IMAGING – A summary report, Edinburgh 2015 2015 (4), S. 136.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1549.5120
Paula Maas
,
Beata Grzegrzółka
,
Philipp Georg Kreß
,
Martin Oberle
,
Manfred Gareis
,
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
Permissions: Peer Reviewed
In vivo phenotyping of carcass traits in mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) using ultrasound,
microwave and linear measurements. (2015) In vivo phenotyping of carcass traits in mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) using ultrasound,
microwave and linear measurements. In: FARM ANIMAL IMAGING – Edinburgh
2015 (Eds: Charlotte Maltin, Cameron Craigie and Lutz Bünger), ISBN 978-0-
9931063-1-6 2015 (4), S. 36-39.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1549.5120
Andreas Hoffmann
,
C. Dumke
,
Maren Bernau
,
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
,
Oliver Scholz
,
E. Balks
,
F. Mohs
,
J. Herrmanns
,
M. Toda
,
U. Salge-Barthels
,
Klaus Cussler
Infrared thermography – new concepts for refinement and reduction in animal use for testing of biological (2015) Proceedings of the XIII European Association of Thermology Congress
(EAT2015), 3.-5. September 2015 in Madrid (Spanien) .
Maren Bernau
,
Sebastian Schwanitz
,
Lena Sophie Kreuzer
,
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
,
Armin Manfred Scholz
Could the testis volume be an indicator for androstenone levels in the carcass fat? (2015) Farm Animal Imaging - A summary report, Edinburgh 2015, Hrsg.: Charlotte Maltin, Cameron Craigie and Lutz Bünger , S. 93-96.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1549.5120
Paula Maas
,
Beata Grzegrzółka
,
Philipp Georg Kreß
,
Martin Oberle
,
Manfred Gareis
,
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
In vivo phenotyping of carcass traits in mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) using ultrasound, microwave and linear measurements (2015) Farm Animal Imaging - A summary report, Edinburgh 2015, Hrsg.: Charlotte Maltin, Cameron Craigie and Lutz Bünger , S. 36-39.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1549.5120
Effect of automatic milking systems on herd performance, udder health, and system stability (2010) Posterbeitrag zum XXVI. World Buiatrics Congress in Santiago (Chile), 14.-18. November 2010 .
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
,
Stefan Nüske
,
Armin Manfred Scholz
,
Martin Förster
Influence of different floor conditions on claw development, metabolism, and milk yield in dairy cows, housed in stalls with free cow traffic (2004) Posterbeitrag zum 13th International Symposium "Lameness in Ruminants" in Maribor (Slowenien), 2004 , S. 210-212.
ObjectivesTail injuries and pathological alterations have been reported in many species. In cattle, they were investigatedmainly in fattening bulls and feedlot cattle. In dairy cows high prevalences for different tail alterations werefound. However, aetiology and pathogenesis of this health trait are still unclear and need further investigation.Out of 4443 phenotypes of different tail alterations we assorted seven groups common in dairy cows: 1. verytip of the tail , 2. ring-like, 3. scurf, 4. swelling, 5. thinning, 6. axis anomaly, and 7. verruca-like mass. Theobjective of this study was to identify genomic regions that may influence the occurrence of different tailalterations in dairy cows, which could be useful for a potential implementation of a genomic selection tool formore robust and healthy cows in the future.Material and methodsData collection started in December 2019 from a German 75 German Holstein (HOL) cows dairy herd. All cows wereexamined every two weeks during six months regarding any kind of tail alterations. The findings were described andphotographed. Data analysis resulted in seven different kinds of tail alterations: 1. very tip of the tail, 2. ring-like, 3. scurf,4. swelling, 5. thinning, 6. axis anomalies, and 7. verruca-like mass.Hereinafter, prevalences for the observed tail alterations were calculated based on monthly data collection from fivedifferent dairy herds: 3 HOL herds, counting average herd sizes of 75, 300, and 1300, respectively; 2 German Fleckvieh(FV) herds, counting 60 cows, each. All cows were housed in free stall barns with conventional (HOL, FV) or automaticmilking systems (FV).In total, 4443 Dairy Cows' Tail Scores were recorded. Data preparation and analysis were performed using R version4.1.2. Prevalences for tail alterations were calculated by dividing the number of observations within by the total number ofobservations of each kind of tail alteration and was given in percent. For calculating the total prevalence per breed andfarm, the occurrence of at least one tail alteration counted as an observation, was divided by the total number of cowsunder investigation and given in percent.ResultsThe overall prevalence for any kind of tail alteration was 88% in German Holstein and 99% in Fleckvieh cows; it variedbetween farms from 74% to 99%. Prevalences for HOL and FV regarding alterations of the very tip of the tail were 26%and 71%, ring-like alterations 24% and 30%, swelling 26% and 42%, scurf 55% and 60%, thinning combined with axisanomalies 16% and 21%, and verruca-like mass 10% and 21%, respectively. Number per tail ranged for ring-likealterations and thinning/axis anomalies from 1 to 5 and for verruca-like mass from 1 to 3.ConclusionsDuring this study, high prevalences for different tail alterations in HOL and FV dairy cows were found out. The grouping ofdifferent alterations as described above can be useful to phenotype tail alterations in dairy cows. However, furtherinvestigations regarding pathogenesis, aetiology, and genetics of the observed alterations in dairy cows' tails are neededto understand their origin and impact on animal health and welfare.FundingThis research was funded by the Tönnies Forschung, Rheda, Germany.
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Maren Bernau
,
Sebastian Schwanitz
,
Lena Sophie Kreuzer
,
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
,
Armin Manfred Scholz
Are testis volume and boar taint related? – a trial in entire and immunocastrated boars (2016) 67th Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science, 29. August – 2. September 2016 in Belfast, UK .
Maren Bernau
,
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
,
Lena Sophie Kreuzer
,
Daniela Emrich
,
Elke Pappenberger
,
Klaus Cussler
,
Andreas Hoffmann
,
Miriam Leipig
,
Walter Hermanns
,
Armin Manfred Scholz
Local reactions after vaccination detected via magnetic resonance imaging and compared with pathomorphological examination (2016) 24th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, 7.-10. Juni 2016 in Dublin, Irland .
Paula Maas
,
Beata Grzegrzółka
,
Philipp Georg Kreß
,
Martin Oberle
,
Manfred Gareis
,
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
In vivo phenotyping of carcass traits in mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) using ultrasound,
microwave and linear measurements. (2015) Vortrag auf der Konferenz FARM ANIMAL IMAGING – Edinburgh
22.-23.09.2015 .
Maren Bernau
,
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
,
Lena Sophie Kreuzer
,
Daniela Emrich
,
Elke Pappenberger
,
Klaus Cussler
,
Andreas Hoffmann
,
Miriam Leipig
,
Walter Hermanns
,
Armin Manfred Scholz
Reactogenicity evaluated via magnetic resonance imaging and pathological examination in pigs (2015) 6th Euro Global Summit and Expo on Vaccines & Vaccination on August 17-19, 2015 in Birmingham, UK .
Maren Bernau
,
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
,
Lena Sophie Kreuzer
,
Sebastian Schwanitz
,
Miriam Leipig
,
Walter Hermanns
,
Klaus Cussler
,
Andreas Hoffmann
,
Armin Manfred Scholz
Impfung unter dem Aspekt des Tierschutzes – objektive Erfassung der lokalen Impfreaktion beim Lamm mittels Magnetresonanztomographie (2015) 14. Internationale Fachtagung zu Fragen von Verhaltenskunde und Tierhaltung und 20. Internationale Fachtagung zum Thema Tierschutz, 19.-21. März 2015 in München, Deutsche Veterinärmedizinische Gesellschaft e. V. (DVG) .
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
Cow Comfort: Einfluss auf die Fruchtbarkeit? (2014) 1. Triesdorfer Tierärztetagung. Landwirtschaftliche Lehranstalten Triesdorf. 07.-09. Mai 2014 .
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
Sind wir auf dem Weg zu einer gesellschaftlich akzeptierten Tierhaltung? (2014) Landwirtschaft Quo Vadis - Seminar der Landwirtschaftlichen Lehranstalten Triesdorf am 30. April 2014 .
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
Die Zukunft der Tierhaltung in Deutschland. Anforderungen heute - morgen - übermorgen (2014) Landwirtschaft Quo Vadis - Seminar der Landwirtschaftlichen Lehranstalten Triesdorf am 11. April 2014 .
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
Faktencheck Eutergesundheit (2014) 1. Tiergesundheitstag zum Thema "Eutergesundheit interaktiv" im Alten Reithaus in Triesdorf am 04. April 2014 .
Feedlot cattle are frequently affected by inflammation and necrosis of the tail tips, resulting in impeded animal welfare and economic losses. In a recent study it was demonstrated that dairy cows are also affected by different lesions of the tail tip, among others alopecia, annular constrictions, crusting, scaling and swelling. Despite the frequent occurrence of these lesions, the underlying etiology and pathomechanisms are unclear to date. To gain insight into this malady, we histopathologically examined 16 tail tips of slaughtered dairy cows, representing the entire bandwith of different lesions. While macroscopically alopecic areas were characterized by the formation of granulation tissue in the dermis with unconspicuous epidermis, we found not only dermal granulation tissue but also purulent-necrotizing inflammation with breakdown of the basement membrane in encrusted lesions. Interestingly, in some cases we found herds of coagulation necrosis of epidermal and dermal layers in the crusts. Tails with macroscopical scaling were affected by ortho- and/or parakeratotic hyperkeratosis and in tails with macroscopical swelling, we observed a low-protein edema of the central longitudinal connective tissue of the tail. We conclude that the observed lesions might be caused by ischemia of the skin in distal parts of the tail.
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Prisca Kremer-Rücker
,
Kathrin Weber
,
Lea Lorenz
,
Christine Schmidt
,
Mirjam Lechner
,
Kim F. Schubert
,
Amalie Anna Köhler
,
Saskia Meier
,
Armin Scholz
The welfare of dairy cows is becoming increasingly important. While diseases like mastitis and lameness are common ailments, injuries to the tail tip go largely unnoticed. The study aimed at investigating whether tail tip lesions, which are mostly described in beef cattle, also occurred on n = 5 dairy farms and, if so, what type and frequency? The study consisted of two phases. During the first part of the study tail tips of 78 dairy cows were examined over a period of six months; based on these results, we developed a training card on tail tip lesions in dairy cows, which was used in part two of the study to train further examiners to inspect four more flocks. In total, we collected n = 3587 tail records from n = 513 Holstein and n = 128 Simmental dairy cows. The overall frequency regarding all types of lesions ranged between 84.0 % (± 2.0) and 94.1 % (± 1.8) in Holstein herds and between 97.0 % (± 2.2) and 99.0 % (± 2.2) in Simmental herds. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of tail tip lesions in German dairy cows. We concluded that tail tip lesions might be a frequent yet unnoticed condition in German dairy cows.
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Paula Maas
,
Beata Grzegrzółka
,
Philipp Georg Kreß
,
Martin Oberle
,
Michael Judas
,
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
Paula Maas
,
Beata Grzegrzółka
,
Philipp Georg Kreß
,
Martin Oberle
,
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
Permissions: Peer Reviewed
In vivo – determination of the fat content in mirror carps (Cyprinus carpio) using ultrasound, microwave and linear measurements (2019) Aquaculture 512 , S. 734359.
DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734359
Carps are the third largest species in aquaculture worldwide and belong to the fish family ‘cyprinids’, which make up the largest part of aquaculture production. The production of lean carp is one of the main goals in the carp farming business. Carps are usually traded alive; in order to ensure product quality and achieve a high consumer acceptance, it is important to estimate the fat content of the living fish. Therefore, during this study, a total of 250 living carps were examined using a mobile ultrasound device. Additionally, a microwave technology based Fish Fatmeter (Distell, Fauldhouse, Scotland, UK) was used to determine the fat content of the living fish. Further measurements included weight, lengths, height and circumferences. The ultrasound measurements were performed on non-sedated fish using narrow water-filled containers. Two sagittal images per fish were taken to measure the backfat thickness at defined locations. Subsequently, the fish were taken out of the water in order to determine the fat content using the Fish Fatmeter. Weight and linear measurements were taken. After the in vivo measurements, about 10 fish per pond, in total 51 fish, were slaughtered and the fillets were analysed chemically. Linear regression models were developed. The Fish Fatmeter turned out to be an accurate method to determine the fat content of the fillet in mirror carps (R2 = 0.95). Regarding the ultrasound measurement of the backfat thickness, moderate correlations between ultrasound and Fish Fatmeter were achieved (R2 = 0.33–0.45). Pearson's correlation for linear measurement and the Fish Fatmeter showed negative prediction. In order to evaluate the relative backfat thickness, the ultrasound measurement was divided by linear measurements. The best correlation was found using the ultrasound measurement point where the backfat thickness reached a constant thickness divided by the circumference around the thinnest part of the tail fin (R2 = 0.74). In the next step, the carps were divided into groups of ten fish per pond. The mean Fish Fatmeter measurement and ultrasound measurement divided by circumference was calculated and correlated achieving an R2 of 0.92. Based on these findings, it seems plausible to estimate the fat content using a small sample of ten fish with an ultrasound device and a measuring tape.
Maren Bernau
,
Sebastian Schwanitz
,
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
,
Lena Sophie Kreuzer
,
Armin Manfred Scholz
Permissions: Open Access
Permissions: Peer Reviewed
Size matters: Boar taint in relationship with body composition and testis volume measured by magnetic resonance imaging (2018) Livestock Science 213 , S. 7-13.
DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.04.008
Sebastian Schwanitz
,
Maren Bernau
,
Lena Sophie Kreuzer
,
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
,
Armin Manfred Scholz
Permissions: Peer Reviewed
Body composition and boar taint of intact boars, and immunologically or surgically castrated pigs (2017) Züchtungskunde 89 (6), S. 413-433.
Maren Bernau
,
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
,
Lena Sophie Kreuzer
,
Sebastian Schwanitz
,
Klaus Cussler
,
Andreas Hoffmann
,
Armin Manfred Scholz
Permissions: Open Access
Permissions: Peer Reviewed
Magnetic resonance imaging to detect local tissue reactions after vaccination in sheep in vivo (2017) Veterinary Record Open 4 (1), S. e000200 | 1-7.
DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2016-000200
Genome-wide QTL mapping results for regional DXA body composition and bone mineral density traits in pigs (2017) Archives Animal Breeding 60 (2), S. 51-59.
DOI: 10.5194/aab-60-51-2017
Maren Bernau
,
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
,
Lena Sophie Kreuzer
,
Daniela Emrich
,
Elke Pappenberger
,
Klaus Cussler
,
Andreas Hoffmann
,
Miriam Leipig
,
Walter Hermanns
,
Armin Manfred Scholz
Permissions: Open Access
Permissions: Peer Reviewed
Assessment of local reaction to vaccines in live piglets with magnetic resonance imaging compared to histopathology (2016) Alternatives To Animal Experimentation (ALTEX) 33 (1), S. 29-36.
DOI: 10.14573/altex.1507211
Maren Bernau
,
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
,
Elisabeth Lauterbach
,
Ernst Tholen
,
Brigitte Petersen
,
Elke Pappenberger
,
Armin Manfred Scholz
Permissions: Open Access
Permissions: Peer Reviewed
Evaluation of carcass composition of intact boars using linear measurements from performance testing, dissection, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (2015) Meat Science 104 , S. 58-66.
DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.01.011
In vivo Phänotypisierung von Schlachtkörpermerkmalen bei Schwein und Schaf mittels Magnetresonanztomographie (2013) Habilitationsschrift, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 319 S .
Prisca Kremer-Rücker
Vergleich von Klauengesundheit, Milchleistung und Aktivität bei Kühen auf Betonspaltenboden und auf Spaltenboden mit elastischen Auflagen (2006) Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der tiermedizinischen Doktorwürde der Tierärztlichen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München 2006 .
DOI: 10.5282/edoc.6061
Im Rahmen einer nachhaltigen Kreislaufwirtschaft ist gerade der Einsatz von Wiederkäuern zur Veredelung von nicht für die menschliche Ernährung geeigneter Biomasse unverzichtbar. Weltweit bestehen …
Digital tool for interpreting animal signals in cows - far too often, important signals indicating animal health deviations are overlooked. This leads to pain and suffering that is not promptly …
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