Prof. Dr. Kambiz Morabbi Heravi

Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology

+49 8161 71-5251

Porträt von Kambiz Morabbi. Professor an der HSWT.

Address: A3.613
Am Hofgarten 10
85354 Freising
Functions: Head of the microbiology laboratory
Project manager for genetic engineering work
Faculty: Department of Bioengineering (Sciences)

Courses
BT3 | 212163040A | Lecture on General Microbiology

BT4 | 212164020A | General Microbiology Laboratory

BT6 | 212166020A | Lecture on Technical Microbiology

BT7 | 212167020A | Fermentation Laboratory
Biography

Kambiz Morabbi is a Professor of Microbiology at the University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan-Triesdorf (HSWT). His expertise lies in microbial strain development, genetic engineering, and biotechnology.

He earned a Bachelor's degree in Microbiology from Karaj Azad University, a Master's from Shahid Beheshti University, and a Ph.D. from the University of Stuttgart’s Institute of Industrial Genetics (IIG). He further expanded his expertise through postdoctoral research at IIG and the Department of Bioprocess Engineering at the University of Hohenheim.

In 2019, he joined Clariant as Lead Scientist for microbial strain development and Project Manager, spearheading the development of a bacterial platform for enzyme production. Since October 2024, as a professor at HSWT, he has been driving innovation in molecular microbiology and microbial biotechnology.
Research

My research focuses on developing microbial strains and genetic tools for the sustainable production of biomolecules from renewable resources, such as lignocellulose. We utilize model organisms like Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli to optimize the conversion of these feedstocks into valuable products. Additionally, we explore the potential of other modifiable organisms in our laboratory, including Pseudomonas alloputida, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Vibrio natriegens, and Komagataella pfaffii.

Our work delves into protein-DNA interactions and advanced gene expression systems to achieve precise genetic control and enhance microbial biosynthesis efficiency. By advancing biotechnological processes, we aim to drive the sustainable production of biochemicals and proteins from renewable resources.
Editorial Roles
Associate Editor for Microbial Physiology and Metabolism, Frontiers in Microbiology
Memberships
Association for General and Applied Microbiology (VAAM)

Publications

Journal articles (peer-reviewed)
- Chantal Treinen, Lennart Biermann, Maliheh Vahidinasab, Kambiz Morabbi Heravi, Lars Lilge, Rudolf Hausmann, Marius Henkel
  
  Permissions: Open Access
  
  Permissions: Peer Reviewed
  
  Deletion of Rap-phosphatases for quorum sensing control in Bacillus and its effect on surfactin production (2023) AMB Express 13 (1), S. 51. DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01555-6
  
  The complex regulatory network in Bacillus, known as quorum sensing, offers many opportunities to modify bacterial gene expression and hence to control bioprocesses. One target regulated by this mechanism is the activity of the PsrfA promoter, which is engaged in the formation of lipopeptide surfactin. It was hypothesised that deletion of rapC, rapF and rapH, encoding for prominent Rap-phosphatases known to affect PsrfA activity, would enhance surfactin production. Therefore, these genes were deleted in a sfp+ derivative of B. subtilis 168 with subsequent evaluation of quantitative data. Up to the maximum product formation of the reference strain B. subtilis KM1016 after 16 h of cultivation, the titers of the rap deletion mutants did not exceed the reference. However, an increase in both product yield per biomass YP/X and specific surfactin productivity qsurfactin was observed, without any considerable effect on the ComX activity. By extending the cultivation time, a 2.7-fold increase in surfactin titer was observed after 24 h for strain CT10 (ΔrapC) and a 2.5-fold increase for CT11 (ΔrapF) compared to the reference strain KM1016. In addition, YP/X was again increased for strains CT10 and CT11, with values of 1.33 g/g and 1.13 g/g, respectively. Interestingly, the effect on surfactin titer in strain CT12 (ΔrapH) was not as distinct, although it achieved the highest promoter activity (PsrfA-lacZ). The data presented support the possibility of involving the quorum sensing system of Bacillus in bioprocess control as shown here on the example of lipopeptide production.
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- Lars Lilge, Nadine Ersig, Philipp Hubel, Moritz Aschern, Evelina Pillai, Peter Klausmann, Jens Pfannstiel, Marius Henkel, Kambiz Morabbi Heravi, Rudolf Hausmann
  
  Permissions: Open Access
  
  Permissions: Peer Reviewed
  
  Surfactin Shows Relatively Low Antimicrobial Activity against Bacillus subtilis and Other Bacterial Model Organisms in the Absence of Synergistic Metabolites (2022) Microorganisms 10 (4), S. 779. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040779
  
  Surfactin is described as a powerful biosurfactant and is natively produced by Bacillus subtilis in notable quantities. Among other industrially relevant characteristics, antimicrobial properties have been attributed to surfactin-producing Bacillus isolates. To investigate this property, stress approaches were carried out with biotechnologically established strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida with the highest possible amounts of surfactin. Contrary to the popular opinion, the highest growth-reducing effects were detectable in B. subtilis and E. coli after surfactin treatment of 100 g/L with 35 and 33%, respectively, while P. putida showed no growth-specific response. In contrast, other antimicrobial biosurfactants, like rhamnolipids and sophorolipids, showed significantly stronger effects on bacterial growth. Since the addition of high amounts of surfactin in defined mineral salt medium reduced the cell growth of B. subtilis by about 40%, the initial stress response at the protein level was analyzed by mass spectrometry, showing induction of stress proteins under control of alternative sigma factors σB and σW as well as the activation of LiaRS two-component system. Overall, although surfactin is associated with antimicrobial properties, relatively low growth-reducing effects could be demonstrated after the surfactin addition, challenging the general claim of the antimicrobial properties of surfactin.
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- Chantal Treinen, Olivia Magosch, Mareen Hoffmann, Peter Klausmann, Berit Würtz, Jens Pfannstiel, Kambiz Morabbi Heravi, Lars Lilge, Rudolf Hausmann, Marius Henkel
  
  Permissions: Open Access
  
  Permissions: Peer Reviewed
  
  Modeling the time course of ComX: towards molecular process control for Bacillus wild-type cultivations (2021) AMB Express 11 (1), S. 144. DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01306-5
  
  Wild-type cultivations are of invaluable relevance for industrial biotechnology when it comes to the agricultural or food sector. Here, genetic engineering is hardly applicable due to legal barriers and consumer’s demand for GMO-free products. An important pillar for wild-type cultivations displays the genus Bacillus. One of the challenges for Bacillus cultivations is the global ComX-dependent quorum sensing system. Here, molecular process control can serve as a tool to optimize the production process without genetic engineering. To realize this approach, quantitative knowledge of the mechanism is essential, which, however, is often available only to a limited extent. The presented work provides a case study based on the production of cyclic lipopeptide surfactin, whose expression is in dependence of ComX, using natural producer B. subtilis DSM 10 T. First, a surfactin reference process with 40 g/L of glucose was performed as batch fermentation in a pilot scale bioreactor system to gain novel insights into kinetic behavior of ComX in relation to surfactin production. Interestingly, the specific surfactin productivity did not increase linearly with ComX activity. The data were then used to derive a mathematic model for the time course of ComX in dependence of existing biomass, biomass growth as well as a putative ComX-specific protease. The newly adapted model was validated and transferred to other batch fermentations, employing 20 and 60 g/L glucose. The applied approach can serve as a model system for molecular process control strategies, which can thus be extended to other quorum sensing dependent wild-type cultivations.
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- Lars Lilge, Maliheh Vahidinasab, Isabel Adiek, Philipp Becker, Chanthiya Kuppusamy Nesamani, Chantal Treinen, Mareen Hoffmann, Kambiz Morabbi Heravi, Marius Henkel, Rudolf Hausmann
  
  Permissions: Open Access
  
  Permissions: Peer Reviewed
  
  Expression of degQ gene and its effect on lipopeptide production as well as formation of secretory proteases in Bacillus subtilis strains (2021) MicrobiologyOpen 10 (5), S. e1241. DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1241
  
  Bacillus subtilis is described as a promising production strain for lipopeptides. In the case of B. subtilis strains JABs24 and DSM10T, surfactin and plipastatin are produced. Lipopeptide formation is controlled, among others, by the DegU response regulator. The activating phospho-transfer by the DegS sensor kinase is stimulated by the pleiotropic regulator DegQ, resulting in enhanced DegU activation. In B. subtilis 168, a point mutation in the degQ promoter region leads to a reduction in gene expression. Corresponding reporter strains showed a 14-fold reduced expression. This effect on degQ expression and the associated impact on lipopeptide formation was examined for B. subtilis JABs24, a lipopeptide-producing derivative of strain 168, and B. subtilis wild-type strain DSM10T, which has a native degQ expression. Based on the stimulatory effects of the DegU regulator on secretory protease formation, the impact of degQ expression on extracellular protease activity was additionally investigated. To follow the impact of degQ, a deletion mutant was constructed for DSM10T, while a natively expressed degQ version was integrated into strain JABs24. This allowed strain-specific quantification of the stimulatory effect of degQ expression on plipastatin and the negative effect on surfactin production in strains JABs24 and DSM10T. While an unaffected degQ expression reduced surfactin production in JABs24 by about 25%, a sixfold increase in plipastatin was observed. In contrast, degQ deletion in DSM10T increased surfactin titer by threefold but decreased plipastatin production by fivefold. In addition, although significant differences in extracellular protease activity were detected, no decrease in plipastatin and surfactin produced during cultivation was observed.
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- Peter Klausmann, Lars Lilge, Moritz Aschern, Katja Hennemann, Marius Henkel, Rudolf Hausmann, Kambiz Morabbi Heravi
  
  Permissions: Open Access
  
  Permissions: Peer Reviewed
  
  Influence of B. subtilis 3NA mutations in spo0A and abrB on surfactin production in B. subtilis 168 (2021) Microbial Cell Factories 20 (1), S. 188. DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01679-z
  
  Background: Bacillus subtilis is a well-established host for a variety of bioproduction processes, with much interest focused on the production of biosurfactants such as the cyclic lipopeptide surfactin. Surfactin production is tightly intertwined with quorum sensing and regulatory cell differentiation processes. As previous studies have shown, a non-sporulating B. subtilis strain 3NA encoding a functional sfp locus but mutations in the spo0A and abrB loci, called JABs32, exhibits noticeably increased surfactin production capabilities. In this work, the impacts of introducing JABs32 mutations in the genes spo0A, abrB and abh from 3NA into strain KM1016, a surfactin-forming derivative of B. subtilis 168, was investigated. This study aims to show these mutations are responsible for the surfactin producing performance of strain JABs32 in fed-batch bioreactor cultivations. Results: Single and double mutant strains of B. subtilis KM1016 were constructed encoding gene deletions of spo0A, abrB and homologous abh. Furthermore, an elongated abrB version, called abrB*, as described for JABs32 was integrated. Single and combinatory mutant strains were analysed in respect of growth behaviour, native PsrfA promoter expression and surfactin production. Deletion of spo0A led to increased growth rates with lowered surfactin titers, while deletion or elongation of abrB resulted in lowered growth rates and high surfactin yields, compared to KM1016. The double mutant strains B. subtilis KM1036 and KM1020 encoding Δspo0A abrB* and Δspo0A ΔabrB were compared to reference strain JABs32, with KM1036 exhibiting similar production parameters and impeded cell growth and surfactin production for KM1020. Bioreactor fed-batch cultivations comparing a Δspo0A abrB* mutant of KM1016, KM681, with JABs32 showed a decrease of 32% in surfactin concentration. Conclusions: The genetic differences of B. subtilis KM1016 and JABs32 give rise to new and improved fermentation methods through high cell density processes. Deletion of the spo0A locus was shown to be the reason for higher biomass concentrations. Only in combination with an elongation of abrB was this strain able to reach high surfactin titers of 18.27 g L−1 in fed-batch cultivations. This work shows, that a B. subtilis strain can be turned into a high cell density surfactin production strain by introduction of two mutations.
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- Peter Klausmann, Katja Hennemann, Mareen Hoffmann, Chantal Treinen, Moritz Aschern, Lars Lilge, Kambiz Morabbi Heravi, Marius Henkel, Rudolf Hausmann
  
  Permissions: Open Access
  
  Permissions: Peer Reviewed
  
  Bacillus subtilis High Cell Density Fermentation Using a Sporulation-Deficient Strain for the Production of Surfactin (2021) Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 105 (10), S. 4141–4151. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11330-x
  
  Bacillus subtilis 3NA is a strain capable of reaching high cell densities. A surfactin producing sfp+ variant of this strain, named JABs32, was utilized in fed-batch cultivation processes. Both a glucose and an ammonia solution were fed to set a steady growth rate μ of 0.1 h-1. In this process, a cell dry weight of up to 88 g L-1 was reached after 38 h of cultivation, and surfactin titers of up to 26.5 g L-1 were detected in this high cell density fermentation process, achieving a YP/X value of 0.23 g g-1 as well as a qP/X of 0.007 g g-1 h-1. In sum, a 21-fold increase in surfactin titer was obtained compared with cultivations in shake flasks. In contrast to fed-batch operations using Bacillus subtilis JABs24, an sfp+ variant derived from B. subtilis 168, JABs32, reached an up to fourfold increase in surfactin titers using the same fed-batch protocol. Additionally, a two-stage feed process was established utilizing strain JABs32. Using an optimized mineral salt medium in this high cell density fermentation approach, after 31 h of cultivation, surfactin titers of 23.7 g L-1 were reached with a biomass concentration of 41.3 g L-1, thus achieving an enhanced YP/X value of 0.57 g g-1 as well as a qP/X of 0.018 g g-1 h-1. The mutation of spo0A locus and an elongation of AbrB in the strain utilized in combination with a high cell density fed-batch process represents a promising new route for future enhancements on surfactin production.
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- Mareen Hoffmann, Alina Braig, Diana Fernandez Cano Luna, Katharina Rief, Philipp Becker, Chantal Treinen, Peter Klausmann, Kambiz Morabbi Heravi, Marius Henkel, Lars Lilge, Rudolf Hausmann
  
  Permissions: Open Access
  
  Permissions: Peer Reviewed
  
  Evaluation of an oxygen‐dependent self‐inducible surfactin synthesis in B. subtilis by substitution of native promoter PsrfA by anaerobically active PnarG and PnasD (2021) AMB Express 11 (1), S. 57. DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01218-4
  
  A novel approach targeting self-inducible surfactin synthesis under oxygen-limited conditions is presented. Because both the nitrate (NarGHI) and nitrite (NasDE) reductase are highly expressed during anaerobic growth of B. subtilis, the native promoter PsrfA of the surfactin operon in strain B. subtilis JABs24 was replaced by promoters PnarG and PnasD to induce surfactin synthesis anaerobically. Shake flask cultivations with varying oxygen availabilities indicated no significant differences in native PsrfA expression. As hypothesized, activity of PnarG and PnasD increased with lower oxygen levels and surfactin was not produced by PsrfA::PnarG as well as PsrfA::PnasD mutant strains under conditions with highest oxygen availability. PnarG showed expressions similar to PsrfA at lowest oxygen availability, while maximum value of PnasD was more than 5.5-fold higher. Although the promoter exchange PsrfA::PnarG resulted in a decreased surfactin titer at lowest oxygen availability, the strain carrying PsrfA::PnasD reached a 1.4-fold increased surfactin concentration with 696 mg/L and revealed an exceptional high overall YP/X of 1.007 g/g. This value also surpassed the YP/X of the reference strain JABs24 at highest and moderate oxygen availability. Bioreactor cultivations illustrated that significant cell lysis occurred when the process of “anaerobization” was performed too fast. However, processes with a constantly low agitation and aeration rate showed promising potential for process improvement, especially by employing the strain carrying PsrfA::PnasD promoter exchange. Additionally, replacement of other native promoters by nitrite reductase promoter PnasD represents a promising tool for anaerobic-inducible bioprocesses in Bacillus.
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- Lars Lilge, Robert Hertel, Kambiz Morabbi Heravi, Marius Henkel, Fabian Commichau, Rudolf Hausmann
  
  Permissions: Open Access
  
  Permissions: Peer Reviewed
  
  Draft Genome Sequence of the Type Strain Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis DSM10 (2021) Microbiology Resource Announcements 10 (10), S. e00158–21. DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00158-21
  
  The Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis type strain DSM10 has been used as a reference in various studies. However, detailed information about the genome has not been available. Therefore, whole-genome sequencing was performed, and the sequence was compared with that of the related B. subtilis strain NCIB3610.
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- Mareen Hoffmann, Diana Fernandez Cano Luna, Shengbin Xiao, Lars Stegemüller, Katharina Rief, Kambiz Morabbi Heravi, Lars Lilge, Marius Henkel, Rudolf Hausmann
  
  Permissions: Open Access
  
  Permissions: Peer Reviewed
  
  Towards the Anaerobic Production of Surfactin Using Bacillus subtilis (2020) Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 8 , S. 554903. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.554903
  
  The anaerobic growth of B. subtilis to synthesize surfactin poses an alternative strategy to conventional aerobic cultivations. In general, the strong foam formation observed during aerobic processes represents a major obstacle. Anaerobic processes have, amongst others, the distinct advantage that the total bioreactor volume can be exploited as foaming does not occur. Recent studies also reported on promising product per biomass yields. However, anaerobic growth in comparison to aerobic processes has several disadvantages. For example, the overall titers are comparably low and cultivations are time-consuming due to low growth rates. B. subtilis JABs24, a derivate of strain 168 with the ability to synthesize surfactin, was used as model strain in this study. Ammonium and nitrite were hypothesized to negatively inﬂuence anaerobic growth. Ammonium with initial concentrations up to 0.2 mol/L was shown to have no signiﬁcant impact on growth, but increasing concentrations resulted in decreased surfactin titers and reduced nitrate reductase expression. Anaerobic cultivations spiked with increasing nitrite concentrations resulted in prolonged lag-phases. Indeed, growth rates were in a similar range after the lag-phase indicating that nitrite has a neglectable effect on the observed decreasing growth rates. In bioreactor cultivations, the speciﬁc growth rate decreased with increasing glucose concentrations during the time course of both batch and fed-batch processes to less than 0.05 1/h. In addition, surfactin titers, overall Y P/X and Y P/S were 53%, ∼42%, and ∼57% lower than in serum ﬂask with 0.190 g/L, 0.344 g/g and 0.015 g/g. The Y X/S, on the contrary, was 30% lower in the serum ﬂask with 0.044 g/g. The productivities q were similar with ∼0.005 g/(g·h). However, acetate strongly accumulated during cultivation and was posed as further metabolite that might negatively inﬂuence anaerobic growth. Acetate added to anaerobic cultivations in a range from 0 g/L up to 10 g/L resulted in a reduced maximum and overall growth rate µ by 44% and 30%, respectively. To conclude, acetate was identiﬁed as a promising target for future process enhancement and strain engineering. Though, the current study demonstrates that the anaerobic cultivation to synthesize surfactin represents a reasonable perspective and feasible alternative to conventional processes.
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- Maliheh Vahidinasab, Lars Lilge, Aline Reinfurt, Jens Pfannstiel, Marius Henkel, Kambiz Morabbi Heravi, Rudolf Hausmann
  
  Permissions: Open Access
  
  Permissions: Peer Reviewed
  
  Construction and description of a constitutive plipastatin mono-producing Bacillus subtilis (2020) Microbial Cell Factories 19 (1), S. 205. DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01468-0
  
  Background: Plipastatin is a potent Bacillus antimicrobial lipopeptide with the prospect to replace conventional antifungal chemicals for controlling plant pathogens. However, the application of this lipopeptide has so far been investigated in a few cases, principally because of the yield in low concentration and unknown regulation of biosynthesis pathways. B. subtilis synthesizes plipastatin by a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase encoded by the ppsABCDE operon. In this study, B. subtilis 3NA (a non-sporulation strain) was engineered to gain more insights about plipastatin mono-production. Results: The 4-phosphopantetheinyl transferase Sfp posttranslationally converts non-ribosomal peptide synthetases from inactive apoforms into their active holoforms. In case of 3NA strain, sfp gene is inactive. Accordingly, the first step was an integration of a repaired sfp version in 3NA to construct strain BMV9. Subsequently, plipastatin production was doubled after integration of a fully expressed degQ version from B. subtilis DSM10T strain (strain BMV10), ensuring stimulation of DegU-P regulatory pathway that positively controls the ppsABSDE operon. Moreover, markerless substitution of the comparably weak native plipastatin promoter (Ppps) against the strong constitutive promoter Pveg led to approximately fivefold enhancement of plipastatin production in BMV11 compared to BMV9. Intriguingly, combination of both repaired degQ expression and promoter exchange (Ppps::Pveg) did not increase the plipastatin yield. Afterwards, deletion of surfactin (srfAA-AD) operon by the retaining the regulatory comS which is located within srfAB and is involved in natural competence development, resulted in the loss of plipastatin production in BMV9 and significantly decreased the plipastatin production of BMV11. We also observed that supplementation of ornithine as a precursor for plipastatin formation caused higher production of plipastatin in mono-producer strains, albeit with a modified pattern of plipastatin composition. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that degQ stimulates the native plipastatin production. Moreover, a full plipastatin production requires surfactin synthetase or some of its components. Furthermore, as another conclusion of this study, results point towards ornithine provision being an indispensable constituent for a plipastatin monoproducer B. subtilis strain. Therefore, targeting the ornithine metabolic flux might be a promising strategy to further investigate and enhance plipastatin production by B. subtilis plipastatin mono-producer strains.
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All Journal articles (peer-reviewed)
Book chapters
- Mareen Geissler, Kambiz Morabbi Heravi, Marius Henkel, Rudolf Hausmann
  
  Permissions: Peer Reviewed
  
  Chapter 6 - Lipopeptide Biosurfactants From Bacillus Species (2019) Biobased Surfactants (Second Edition) , S. 205-240. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-812705-6.00006-X
  
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Prof. Dr. Kambiz Morabbi Heravi

Courses

Biography

Research

Editorial Roles

Memberships

Publications

Journal articles (peer-reviewed)

Deletion of Rap-phosphatases for quorum sensing control in Bacillus and its effect on surfactin production (2023) AMB Express 13 (1), S. 51. DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01555-6

Surfactin Shows Relatively Low Antimicrobial Activity against Bacillus subtilis and Other Bacterial Model Organisms in the Absence of Synergistic Metabolites (2022) Microorganisms 10 (4), S. 779. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040779

Modeling the time course of ComX: towards molecular process control for Bacillus wild-type cultivations (2021) AMB Express 11 (1), S. 144. DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01306-5

Expression of degQ gene and its effect on lipopeptide production as well as formation of secretory proteases in Bacillus subtilis strains (2021) MicrobiologyOpen 10 (5), S. e1241. DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1241

Influence of B. subtilis 3NA mutations in spo0A and abrB on surfactin production in B. subtilis 168 (2021) Microbial Cell Factories 20 (1), S. 188. DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01679-z

Bacillus subtilis High Cell Density Fermentation Using a Sporulation-Deficient Strain for the Production of Surfactin (2021) Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 105 (10), S. 4141–4151. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11330-x

Evaluation of an oxygen‐dependent self‐inducible surfactin synthesis in B. subtilis by substitution of native promoter PsrfA by anaerobically active PnarG and PnasD (2021) AMB Express 11 (1), S. 57. DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01218-4

Draft Genome Sequence of the Type Strain Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis DSM10 (2021) Microbiology Resource Announcements 10 (10), S. e00158–21. DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00158-21

Towards the Anaerobic Production of Surfactin Using Bacillus subtilis (2020) Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 8 , S. 554903. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.554903

Construction and description of a constitutive plipastatin mono-producing Bacillus subtilis (2020) Microbial Cell Factories 19 (1), S. 205. DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01468-0

Book chapters

Chapter 6 - Lipopeptide Biosurfactants From Bacillus Species (2019) Biobased Surfactants (Second Edition) , S. 205-240. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-812705-6.00006-X